Linux has become the default operating system for running web applications. However, like any system connected to the internet, it is exposed to remote attacks. While public cloud environments and private datacenters offer some security from physical tampering, edge computing presents unique challenges.
For this article, an edge device refers to a headless computer system (without direct human interface) deployed in remote locations like coffee shops, gas stations, or warehouses.
The Security Challenge at the Edge#
Contrary to popular belief, Linux systems lack certain critical security features found in Windows (Trusted Boot) and macOS (Startup Security). While Linux supports Secure Boot and full-disk encryption, these measures alone are insufficient for edge environments where devices are physically accessible to untrusted parties.
The primary security goals for edge devices are:
- Preventing unauthorized access to data if the device is stolen.
- Ensuring the device does not boot if tampered with.
Protecting Your Data with Encryption#
Encrypting the disk keeps your data safe when the device is powered off, addressing the first security goal. However, this protection is compromised if the device is tampered with, leading us to the second goal.
Protecting Your Device from Tampering#
Understanding the Linux boot process is crucial for securing a device against tampering. Upon powering on, a modern computer runs the UEFI firmware, which hands control to a bootloader. The bootloader initiates the operating system, which then decrypts your data and starts your application.
Secure Boot helps secure the initial stage by only allowing execution of digitally signed bootloaders. However, the problem lies in the next stage: most Linux distributions’ bootloaders do not verify the signatures of the Kernel or Initrd, nor do they measure the integrity of these components. This oversight allows potential tampering to go unnoticed.
Measuring for Integrity#
Measuring involves calculating a hash for artifacts like the Linux Kernel. Any change in these artifacts alters the hash. Utilizing Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chips, we can establish a validation system that only proceeds with booting if the measurements match the expected values.
The Unified System Image (USI)#
One effective solution is creating a Unified System Image (USI). This combines the Kernel, cmdline parameters, and Initrd into a single, immutable image. By measuring this single image, we ensure the integrity of the entire system. There’s no need to encrypt this image since it contains no sensitive data, which resides in the encrypted area. The system configuration and valuable data remain secure, and the image is mounted read-only to prevent changes.
For more detailed information on this process, refer to the UAPI Group’s page and Lennart Poettering’s article, Brave New Trusted Boot World.
Kairos: Simplifying Trusted Boot#
Implementing a USI with Trusted Boot can be complex. Kairos aims to simplify this process. Visit the Trusted Boot Installation instructions to try it out, or delve into the Trusted Boot Architecture documentation for a deeper understanding of how Kairos enhances security in untrusted environments.
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